Heat exchangers are devices designed to transfer heat between two or more fluids, or between a solid surface and a fluid, while keeping them physically separated. The main purpose of heat exchangers is to facilitate the efficient transfer of thermal energy from one medium to another. This process is often utilised in various industrial, commercial, and residential applications to control temperatures, conserve energy, and enhance efficiency.

The working principle of a heat exchanger revolves around the transfer of heat from one fluid (or gas) to another fluid (or gas) without the two fluids mixing. Heat exchangers are widely used in various industrial processes, HVAC systems, refrigeration, and automotive applications.

The efficiency of a heat exchanger depends on factors such as the design, size, flow rates of the fluids, and the thermal properties of the materials involved. Proper control of flow rates and temperature differentials is essential to optimize heat transfer and ensure efficient operation.

A shell and tube heat exchanger are one of the most common types of heat exchangers used in various industrial processes. It consists of a shell (outer vessel) and a series of tubes (inner elements) through which the fluids flow. The design of shell and tube heat exchangers allows for effective heat transfer between fluids while accommodating high pressures and temperatures.